Education+policies+Mao+and+Nasser



Mao and Nasser – Education Policies

Education for Single-party State Leaders

· Education for Single-party State Leaders o Resources will be fueled into reaching the younger generations § Greater outlet for effective use of propaganda o In schools a leader can promote values such as nationalism, patriotism, loyalty to the state, and discipline § The result of this “brainwashing” supposedly results in an obedient and ideologically parallel public o Social conditioning is apparent in schools run under single party state rulers § an emphasis is placed on physical fitness § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">gender roles are established <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">§ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">state first, family second

Education: What separates most single-party state leaders is their commitment to the public and raising the standard of living…or not. With education, especially in developing countries like post WWII Egypt and China, leaders must be careful not to over-educate the masses. In other words, single-party state leaders walk a fine line between brainwashing and academic liberty to ensure their lasting sociopolitical success.


 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Mao Zedong **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">

<<Three main building blocks: his personal experience of teaching, Marxism, and the rich cultural heritage of China>>

<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Believed that education should serve the purpose of furthering the proletariat <span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Colleges were designed to combine education, production and scientific research <span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Little to no emphasis on the arts

<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">1917 – 1927 <span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">1917 - founded a night school for workers – taught history <span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">1918 – helped students study in France <span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">1921 – founded Open University of Hunan <span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">1926 – principal of the Canton Peasant Movement Training Institute

<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">1929 – 1937 <span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">period of agrarian revolutionary struggle = opportunity for the Chinese Communist Party to gain useful experience in the autonomous organization of education <span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Mao personally involved in teaching at the Red Army Academy

<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">1956 <span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Mao’s policy of “letting a hundred flowers bloom” to enlist support from China’s intellectual elite <span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Allowed free exchange of views <span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Years later he sent the intellectuals to the countryside to be “reeducated” <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">§ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Led to much criticism of the CCP within China

<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">1966 <span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">May 7th school <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">§ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">May 7th, 1966 Mao declared the Chinese army must be “a great force” thus establishing a school that focused on physical strength and self-criticism

<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Little Red Book <span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Used as propaganda and as a major teaching tool in primary and secondary schools //<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">To behave like "a blindfolded man catching sparrows" or "a blind man groping for fish", to be crude and careless, to indulge in verbiage, to rest content with a smattering of knowledge -- such is the extremely bad style of work that still exists among many of comrades in our Party, a style utterly opposed to the fundamental spirit of Marxism-Leninism. Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin have taught us that it is necessary to study conditions conscientiously and to proceed from objective reality and not from subjective wishes, but many of our comrades act in direct violation of this truth. – Chairman Mao // <span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msobidifontweight: bold; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Cultural Revolution 1966 – 1976 <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msobidifontweight: bold; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Abolishment of the Four Olds: old ideas, customs, culture, and habits <span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msobidifontweight: bold; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">§ <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">During this initiative many temples, churches, mosques and monasteries were shut down <span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msobidifontweight: bold; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">§ <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Discouraged religious expression, individuality

<span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; text-align: left;">**Gamal Nasser**

<span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msobidifontweight: bold; text-align: left;">Believed that education could only serve the future governments and this was one way he could provide for the common man means of equalizing/shortening the class divide.

<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msobidifontweight: bold; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Media and Education <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msobidifontweight: bold; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Egyptian broadcasting was the best in the Middle East <span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msobidifontweight: bold; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">§ <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Nasser used the radio to the best of his abilities – airing the majority of propaganda this way <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msobidifontweight: bold; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">News became more and more free, until the SIX DAY WAR <span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msobidifontweight: bold; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">§ <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Due to the embarrassment of the 6 Day War, all radio broadcasting came under heavy state control <span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msobidifontweight: bold; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">§ <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">All newspapers came under state control – still true today

<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msobidifontweight: bold; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Afraid of who would eventually inherit his government, Nasser… <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msobidifontweight: bold; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Encouraged the deprived to seek education <span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msobidifontweight: bold; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">§ <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">This included: women and men of the lower classes <span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msobidifontweight: bold; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">§ <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Nasser did not want the gov’t to fall in the hands of the elitist <span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msobidifontweight: bold; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Hearkening back to his “common man” roots <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msobidifontweight: bold; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">o <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Encouraged women to get and education – and a job since this would help the economy

<span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msobidifontweight: bold; text-align: left;"><<Education was free and supported by the government!>>

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">In comparing the two leaders, I find that they differ based on ideological approaches to education. While Nasser believed that everyone should be given the opportunity to seek education because it was as basic as human rights, Mao used education to further his own image and that of Chinese communism. That said, both used censorship in the same manner – to control the public view of their respective governments.