Elimination+of+the+opposition+Mao+and+Hitler

Single Party State
 * External Sources of Opposition
 * Oppositional parties
 * Social classes
 * Trade unions
 * Religious groups
 * Local or state governments
 * Internal:
 * Rivals for leadership
 * Dissident factions
 * Philosophical opponents
 * Eliminate Opposition through violence, terror
 * Party purges
 * Execute/deport supporters of opponents
 * Secret police, surveillance, informers
 * No trials, suspicion sufficient to condemn
 * Citizens expected to watch each other, condemn each other to reflect suspicion
 * Punish family and individual
 * Imprisonment, torture, exile, execution, fine, loss of citizenship
 * Limit Opposition’s ability to gain influence
 * Ban other political parties, restricts civil liberties
 * Arrest of oppositional members
 * Propaganda destroying credibility
 * Obtain level of popular support
 * All important positions held by Party
 * No one can trust anyone, forming groups; organize extremely difficult
 * Disband specific organizations
 * Seize property and financial assets
 * Education: Indoctrinate youth with State values

Hitler
 * Sources of Opposition
 * Churches (Roman Catholic, Protestant)
 * Martin Niemoller protested Hitler’s treatment of Jews
 * Catholic Bishops protested Nazi
 * Youth Movement (White Rose)
 * Assassination Attempts
 * Use of Violence
 * SS, Gestapo
 * Unfair trials
 * Concentration camps
 * Civil Service purges
 * Night of Long Knives- political purges
 * Limiting of Opposition Organization
 * Single-party
 * Trade Unions abolished
 * Education school indoctrinates youth with Nazi Opinions
 * Hitler Youth
 * Children encouraged to turn in their parents
 * Propaganda- Triumph of the Will
 * Religious Repression
 * Catholic Church dissolved Catholic Center Party, political influence
 * Schools forcibly closed
 * Sent thousands of priests and nuns to concentration camps

Mao · Removal of Party Officials · Use of Violence · Limiting of Opposition Organization
 * Sources of Opposition
 * 1959 Peng Dehuai denounced the Great Leap Forward. Subsequently removed from office, imprisoned until death
 * 1964 Liu Shaoqi refused Mao’s order, Mao decided “Liu had to go”
 * Zhou Yang, deputy director of the Central Committee’s Propaganda Department eventually purged as a revisionist along with many intellectuals
 * Mao’s “Twenty-three Articles” stated that the principle enemy was within the party
 * Lin Biao stated that opposition could not be supported by foreign assistance lest they lose popular support
 * Cultural Revolution brought out internal dissension and power struggles
 * Removed officials publicly humiliated, beaten, tortured.
 * Removed Peng Zhen, Lu Dingyi, Zhou Yang. High ranking officials
 * Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution was partly an attempt to eliminate those in leadership who questioned, crossed Mao
 * Red Guards enforce terror
 * Lin Biao led purification movement within the army
 * Purge of military leaders carried out
 * Initially gave freedom to express ideas
 * Diversity got out of hand and Mao struck at educated elite
 * Socialist Education Movement used to indoctrinate youth
 * Used //Liberation Army Daily// to launch public attacks on enemies
 * Big-character posters were displayed in campuses
 * Attack on tradition, intellectuals
 * Beat, persecuted elderly and intellectuals
 * 1966 Launched attack on authors, scholars
 * University officials and professors were criticized
 * Mao used big-character poster to denounce and remove senior officials
 * 1973 major propaganda campaign

Compare/Contrast
 * Source of Opposition
 * Mao’s main opposition was internal (from within the party)
 * Hitler was external, mostly from religious or church
 * Mao’s main external opposition was the intellectuals, traditionalists
 * Use of Terror
 * Nazi Germany’s SS and Gestapo
 * Communist China’s Red Army
 * Education
 * Hitler used education and Hitler Youth to propagate Nazi ideals
 * Mao used Socialist Education Movement to indoctrinate youth. Encouraged Revolutionary ideals in youth
 * Propaganda
 * Hitler relied extensively on propaganda. Triumph of the Will
 * Mao’s use of newspapers, big-character posters
 * Purges
 * Night of Long Knives eliminating political opponents.
 * Mao purged military and potential political enemies. Intellectuals