Margaux+Aschinger


 * A.) Plan of Investigation **

 The question to this investigation is **to what extent did the Cuban Missile Crisis affect the US relationships with Russia during Cold War?** This will be done by explicitly explaining the affects that lasted during and after the Cuban Missile Crisis. This will be seen through two different views: Russian leader Khrushchev and United States President Kennedy. The two main sources used in this investigation will be //The Cuban Missile Crisis: To the Brink of War// written by Paul J. Brown and the other source that will be used is //Defcon-2: Standing on the Brink of Nuclear// written by Norman Polmar and John D. Gresham. These sources will be evaluated according to their origin, purpose, value and limitations.


 * B.) Summary of Evidence **


 * US View **: On Tuesday October 14, 1962 President Robert Kennedy received news about nuclear weapons that had been spotted in Cuba by the US army U2 plane. President Kennedy being put under pressure and a threat against possibly destroying life, as we know it had to come to a decision. Through many press conferences and secret meetings, Kennedy was forced to make a decision as to what he should do. At the beginning of the decision as to what he should do without launching any missiles, Kennedy set up secret meetings called the ExComm meetings [[file:///F:/Part%20A%20and%20B%20and%20C%20and%20E.docx#_ftn1|[1]]] . ExComm was a body of United States government officials that convened to advise President Kennedy during the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962. It was composed of the regular members of the [|National] Security Council, along with other men whose advice the President deemed useful during the crisis [[file:///F:/Part%20A%20and%20B%20and%20C%20and%20E.docx#_ftn2|[2]]] . These meetings were kept a secret from the public. To keep these meetings a secret, they would sometimes meet at a common location and squeeze into one single car to decrease suspicion among the public. The meetings were held inside the oval office and were recorded, secretly [[file:///F:/Part%20A%20and%20B%20and%20C%20and%20E.docx#_ftn3|[3]]] . In the ExComm meetings they discussed a way to stop more nuclear weapons from going into Cuba. Many of the Generals argued about planning an attack but Kennedy vetoed this idea for the failure of Bay of Pigs and Operation Mongoose. [[file:///F:/Part%20A%20and%20B%20and%20C%20and%20E.docx#_ftn4|[4]]] Kennedy had many different options. He could call on the Russians to remove the missiles explaining the damage their presence was doing to Russian/American relations [[file:///F:/Part%20A%20and%20B%20and%20C%20and%20E.docx#_ftn5|[5]]] . However, the Russians were highly unlikely to listen to a ‘polite’ request especially as they even refused to recognize the existence of the missiles at the United Nations emergency meeting on the matter**.**The plan was then settled as what the mission would be, to set up a blockade against the Russian military boats.


 * USSR View **: April 1962, the United States had put nuclear war missiles in the Turkey. Russia was being put under a threat of a nuclear attack. Nikita Khrushchev, the ruler of the Soviet Union at the time, was also forced with a tough situation. Khrushchev thought of no better plan to insert a set of nuclear weapons into Cuba since it was 100 miles from the coast of the United States [[file:///F:/Part%20A%20and%20B%20and%20C%20and%20E.docx#_ftn6|[6]]] . Khrushchev helped the ruler of Cuba, Fidel Castro; build these bases because the US tried to overthrow him twice [[file:///F:/Part%20A%20and%20B%20and%20C%20and%20E.docx#_ftn7|[7]]] . Since both Castro and Khrushchev have the same idea of communism, they worked together in placing the missiles towards the United States [[file:///F:/Part%20A%20and%20B%20and%20C%20and%20E.docx#_ftn8|[8]]] . With these two countries working together to fight against the United States tightened the relationships. With the news spreading as to what the US was going to do about the incoming shipment of the weapons, Khrushchev got news of the blockade [[file:///F:/Part%20A%20and%20B%20and%20C%20and%20E.docx#_ftn9|[9]]] . There had been many telegrams from Kennedy to Khrushchev informing Russia as what was going to happen if they do not wish to remove the missiles [[file:///F:/Part%20A%20and%20B%20and%20C%20and%20E.docx#_ftn10|[10]]] . Khrushchev paid no attention to this and continued with the boats headed towards Cuba. His boats did not make it to see the land of Cuba due to the success of the blockade [[file:///F:/Part%20A%20and%20B%20and%20C%20and%20E.docx#_ftn11|[11]]].


 * C. Evaluation of Sources **

Byrne, Paul J. The Cuban Missile Crisis: To the Brink of War. Minneapolis, MN: Compass Point, 2006. Print.

Paul J. Byrne wrote this book. Paul J. Brown is a writer and editor that resides in Connecticut. He holds a degree from in history and economics. Brown has written many different books regarding to Communism, totalitarianism and his specialty is on the Cuban missile crisis. A few other books that he has written include //The Triumph of Communism// and //The Chinese Revolution//. The value to this book is that it helps give the sides that Khrushchev and Kennedy purpose about this crisis. For example when the US first finds out about the missiles from the U2 plane, it describes how Khrushchev reacts to the news. Brown describes the way that the US made their decisions about how to prevent a nuclear war from occurring. From the fail of the Bay of Pigs and Operation Mongoose, to the blockade that actually ended up making the Soviets turn their boat back towards Russia. Brown is limited when describing the EXCOMM group, he did not explain it thoroughly which made it hard to understand. The next few paragraphs mentioned the group, but were unclear due to the lack of explanation. Another limitation is that it failed to go into depth about the people who helped Kennedy make his decision on how to deal with the situation. The author just mentions their names but not their credibility.

Polmar, Norman, and John Gresham. //Defcon-2: Standing on the Brink of Nuclear War during the Cuban Missile Crisis//. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2006. Print.

This book was written was by Norman Polmar and John D. Gresham. John D. Gresham is a veteran military analyst who writes nonfiction series and books. He has won many awards regarding his books. Currently Gresham is working on a series about the terrorist attacks on 9/11. Norman Polmar also contributed to this book. Norman Polmar is an expert on naval and aviation matters. He is an award-winning author, Polmar has written more than 40 books, including, with K. J. Moore, //Cold War Submarines: The Design and Construction of U.S. and Soviet Submarines// and //Historic Naval Aircraft: From the Pages of Naval History Magazine//. He is a columnist for the U.S. Naval Institute's //Proceedings// and //Naval History// magazines. This book is set up in a way that it shows the Russian view and how they felt. This is a unique feature to the book because it actually goes into depth unlike other books on this topic. The authors mention what happened after the missiles were removed and how each country felt about it. It mentions how Khrushchev felt. The authors insert footnotes to add credibility to where their information came from. The purpose of this book is that it goes into great detail about the Cuban Missile Crisis. It includes newspaper articles and speeches that were produced during these thirteen days. In the book, it interprets images and analyzes speeches. There were not many limitations to this book, except there were a few images that were hard to understand. The wording that the authors used did not describe images and their relevance. The readers needed to have prior knowledge in order to understand what was being said.


 * D. Analysis **

Due to Cuba and the Soviet Union’s relationship becoming closer and the US having major dislike towards them, it did not help each country when communicating with each other. Cuba and the United States had traded among each other for many years. Kennedy had found out that the Cuban leader had declared the country Socialist. Kennedy decided to stop the trade. This trade embargo would have bankrupted the island as her biggest money earner was exporting sugar to America. However, the trade embargo brought the two together as Russia stepped in to buy Cuba’s sugar and other exports. The actions of America appear to have driven Castro into the support offered by Russia.

Now with a supporter of communism only 50 miles from Florida, Kennedy needed to figure out what to do in order to prevent the cold war from defrosting into a hot war.

If the United States never set up the blockade in Cuba, then the outcome of the nuclear missile crisis and the Cold War could have been turned into a “hot war”. If Kennedy let the ships continue into Cuba as planed then the world that we know may not exist today. With the force that Khrushchev used against the United States during this time it was very possible that he would let the missiles loose at anytime. Also the Cuban Missile Crisis can be seen as a way for Khrushchev to get back at the United States. This was due to the failure of the Berlin Wall and to fight out the placement of U.S. missiles in Turkey. Since Khrushchev was a bitter man, he decided to fight back against the US. This is when Khrushchev came up with the idea of placing weapons in Cuba. By having these missiles in Cuba and having them point towards the US. This put a great amount of weight on the United States. The United States protects the people and the land so having the threat of a nuclear war at steak put Kennedy into a sticky situation.

During these long thirteen days Kennedy and Khrushchev communicated between letters and telegrams. This is how the two countries communicate for deciding what to do after the blockade succeeded. As for coming to a conclusion neither country was into giving up first. They came to an agreement that the USSR was to remove its missiles from Cuba and USA was to end Cuba’s quarantine and to give out a promise not to invade Cuba. If the USSR did not respond by October 29th, USA would launch a military invasion of Cuba. On October 28th, Khrushchev replied that the USSR would remove the missiles. Within 2 months the missiles were removed from the country. The Cuban Missile Crisis was over but it had taken the world to the brink of nuclear war.

The end result of the crisis was seen as a huge success for Kennedy but contributed to the downfall of Khrushchev in Russia. The one positive thing to come out of the crisis was the creation of a hot-line between Moscow and Washington to allow for easier communication between the two nations leaders at a time of crisis. This helped settle different problems that could have arisen from the Cold War.


 * E. Conclusion **

In many ways, Russia and the United States had created world tensions and terror among their own citizens in the 1960s. With a close study of the almost blown up United States the relations between Russia were nearly destroyed. The Cuban Missile Crisis is seen as brinkmanship. Both countries were fighting to test each other to see who would cave first to releasing their bombs. Almost destroying the world, the Cuban Missile Crisis did create bitter tensions amongst the countries. -- MAKE SHORTER!!


 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">F. List of Sources **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Byrne, Paul J. //The Cuban Missile Crisis: To the Brink of War//. Minneapolis, MN: Compass Point, 2006. Print.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">McConnell, William S. //Living through the Cuban Missile Crisis//. Detroit: Greenhaven, 2005. Print.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Polmar, Norman, and John Gresham. //Defcon-2: Standing on the Brink of Nuclear War during the Cuban Missile Crisis//. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2006. Print.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Rogers, Keely, and Jo Thomas. "The Cuban Missile Crisis: Could It Have Led to Nuclear War?" //History: The Cold War//. Harlow, Essex: Heinemann International, 2008. Print.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Dobbs, Michael. //One Minute to Midnight: Kennedy, Khrushchev, and Castro on the Brink of Nuclear War//. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2008. Print.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Kennedy, Robert F. //Thirteen Days: A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis//. New York: W.W. Norton, 1969. Print.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Freedman, Lawrence. //Kennedy's Wars: Berlin, Cuba, Laos, and Vietnam//. New York: Oxford UP, 2000. Print.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Nash, Philip. //The Other Missiles of October: Eisenhower, Kennedy, and the Jupiters, 1957-1963//. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina, 1997. Print.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Stern, Sheldon M., and Sheldon M. Stern. //The Week the World Stood Still: Inside the Secret Cuban Missile Crisis//. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 2005. Print.

<span style="font-family: Cambria,serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Byrne, Paul J. //The Cuban Missile Crisis: To the Brink of War//. Minneapolis, MN: Compass Point, 2006. Print. <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Ibid 23 <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Freedman, Lawrence. Kennedy's Wars: Berlin, Cuba, Laos, and Vietnam. New York: Oxford UP, 2000. Print. <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Ibid 34 <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Nash, Philip. //The Other Missiles of October: Eisenhower, Kennedy, and the Jupiters, 1957-1963//. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina, 1997. Print. <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Polmar, Norman, and John Gresham//. Defcon-2: Standing on the Brink of Nuclear War during the Cuban Missile Crisis//. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2006. Print. <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif; font-size: 12pt;"> McConnell, William S. //Living through the Cuban Missile Crisis.// Detroit: Greenhaven, 2005. Print. <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Ibid 83 <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Ibid 85 <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Byrne 24 <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Polmar 85 <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Dobbs, Michael. //One Minute to Midnight: Kennedy, Khrushchev, and Castro on the Brink of Nuclear War//. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2008. Print. <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Ibid 90 <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Kennedy, Robert F**. Thirteen Days: A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis**. New York: W.W. Norton, 1969. Print. <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Rogers, Keely, and Jo Thomas. “The Cuban Missile Crisis: Could It Have Led to Nuclear War?" //History: The Cold War//. Harlow, Essex: Heinemann International, 2008. Print. <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Ibid 95 <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif; font-size: 12pt;"> McConnell 98 <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Ibid 99 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Freedman 70 <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Ibid 76 <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Stern, Sheldon M., and Sheldon M. Stern. //The Week the World Stood Still: Inside the Secret Cuban Missile Crisis//. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 2005. Print. <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Ibid 105 <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Polamar

= = = **Topic:** Cuban Missile Crisis = Research Question: To what extent did the Cuban Missile Crisis affect the US relationships with Russia during Cold War?

===<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Byrne, Paul J. The Cuban Missile Crisis: To the Brink of War. Minneapolis, MN: Compass Point, 2006. Print. ===


 * Origin:** Paul J. Byrne wrote this book. Paul J. Brown is a writer and editor from Connecticut. He holds a degree in history and economics. He has written many books on Communism and other topics related to the Cuban Missile Crisis. A few other books that he has written include //The Triumph of Communism// and //The Chinese Revolution//.


 * Purpose:** This book was published to show what happened during the Cuban Missile Crisis in October of 1962. This book goes into many details about the meetings and planning of how to prevent a nuclear war. In the back of the book, there is a timeline that helps keep the series of events in order. This helps the reader understand when each event took place.


 * Value:** The value to this book is that it helps give the sides that Khrushchev, Kennedy and Castro purpose about this crisis. For example when the US first finds out about the missiles from the U2 plane, it describes how Khrushchev reacts to the news. The book goes into depth the plans to overthrow Castro. Also it goes through the way that the US made their decisions about how to prevent this nuclear war. From the fail of the Bay of Pigs and Operation Mongoose, to the blockade that actually ended up making the Soviets turn their boat back towards Russia. Also the book not only mentions the views from the American citizens but also from other countries in the Americas, like Brazil. This will help in the project by addressing views from countries that would be affected in some ways.


 * Limitations:** There were a few limitations to this book. When the author described the EXCOMM group, he did not explain it well which made it hard to understand. The next few paragraphs mentioned the group, but were hard to understand due to the lack of explanation. Also another limitation would be it failed to go into more depth about the people who helped Kennedy make his decision on what to do. The author just mentions their names but not their credibility.

-Platt Amendment: put in place after the Spanish-American Civil war, gave US legal right to intervene in Cuban Affairs -US businessmen invested money in Cuba -Cuban economy based off of sugar cane -In 1959 the US supported dictator, Fulgencio Batista, fled the country on New Years Day. -This allowed Castro to take over with his rebels __Castro:__ - When Castro was 32, he led a group of Rebels to a victory in the Cuban Revolution -Born in 1962, had revolutionary ideas at a young age and helped organize a strike by sugar workers on his fathers farm when he was 13 -attended best schools in Cuba but he was very rebellious -nickname el loco or the crazy one - In 1959 when he took power, he was a hero to millions of people all over the world -believed that his true destiny was to wage war against the US - Page 21. Describes relations between the US - First accepted by the US - Castro started to anger the US by taking over businesses and American owned properties - US relations got worse but USST got better - USSR got close because of the two people that shared communist ideologies, Raul Castro (brother) and Che Guevara (legendary revolutionary) - Castro was careful about not being too close with USSR due to a fear of US invasion
 * Notes:**

__After October 14,1962:__ - Tuesday October 14, US U2 plane spotted missiles that appeared to be a nuclear missiles in Cuba - Soviets had no military presence at all in the western hemisphere, but they had a base less than 100 miles away from the US - The US had two attempts to attack Cuba: Bay of Pigs and Operation Mongoose each attempt failed - EXCOMM- executive committee of the national security council - national security Adviser McGeorge Bundy knew about the missiles before President Kennedy - in the EXCOMM meetings, they did not want the public to know about the meetings, so they would pile into one car, nine people, and entered a secret passage into the white house - Soviet warplanes in cuba could threaten Florida or other South eastern US locations. - The US was unsure about the blockade at first, they thought it would be better to get Castro gone.

“This isn’t the end. This is the beginning” “Nuclear war is expected from the USSR, but not the US”
 * Quotes:**

McConnell, William S. //Living through the Cuban Missile Crisis//. Detroit: Greenhaven, 2005. Print.

 * Origin:** William S. McConnell is the author of //Living Through the Cuban Missile Crisis//, and has written many other young adult books. All of the books that McConnell has written include real speeches given during the time period. Also many of his books are throughout the early 60s to the late 70s. Some include //Living Through the Space Race, At Issue in History- Watergate, Living Through the Cold War// and //American Social Movements.//


 * Purpose:** This book was published to show the point of view from the United States. Many speeches that are included in this book are the direct speeches that were used at this time in history. This book goes into many details about how the solution was resolved. It shows the different types of solutions that the US tried and thought of.


 * Value:** The value of this book is that it shows the many different ways of how the United States found out about information. Also the way that the president addresses the nation about the missiles that was located in Cuba. This book includes information regarding the secret letter from Khruschev. The passage in the book includes exact words that were used in the speeches that were given. Also there is a timeline located at the end of the book, which gives the chronology of each speech.


 * Limitations:** One main limitation in this book is that if fails to put information in order by date. Also the book re-mentions the same topic over and over again which makes it repetitive. Another way that this book lacks is that it fails to mention dates on which things happen. Dates are pretty important on this subject and when the author only states “day four”, they should also give a date along with it.

- Kennedys speech to the nation and cuba - Ways to reach a solution - Secret telegrams stating peace proposals - Debates to intervene to ensure peace and safety of the United States - Valerian Zorins Rebuttal against the agreement - United States accused of ignoring international law - United States has a history of aggression toward cuba - United states and aggression towards the Cubans - Peace loving nations were afraid of the reckless aggressive policy of the US - The security council ignored the aggressive actions of the United States, which meant nothing less than that the Unites States has set out to destroy the United Nations and to unleash a world war - Pages 38-39 included detail towards the peace movement - United States and Bay of Pigs which failed - United States threatens Cuba with Economic pressure by putting a complete ban on Cuban exports and imports from the US - Cuban forces prepared for combat against the US by producing missiles and other forms to attack. - The naval blockade is unfounded aggression toward Russia - Castro said that attacking the US is suicide. - Khrushchev offers a solution about the disorders
 * Notes:**

===<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">Polmar, Norman, and John Gresham. //<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">Defcon-2: Standing on the Brink of Nuclear War during the Cuban Missile Crisis //<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2006. Print. ===


 * Origin:** This book was written was by Norman Polmar and John D. Gresham. John D. Gresham is a veteran military analyst who writes nonfiction series and books. He has won many awards regarding his books. Currently Gresham is working on a series about the terrorist attacks on 9/11. Norman Polmar also contributed to this book. Norman Polmar is an expert on naval and aviation matters. He is an award-winning author, Polmar has written more than 40 books, including, with K. J. Moore, //Cold War Submarines: The Design and Construction of U.S. and Soviet Submarines// and //Historic Naval Aircraft: From the Pages of Naval History Magazine//. He is a columnist for the U.S. Naval Institute's //Proceedings// and //Naval History// magazines. Today, Polmar lives in the Washington, DC.


 * Value:** There are many values that are offered in this book. This book is set up in a way that it shows the Russian view and how they felt. This is a unique feature to the book because it actually goes into depth. Along with the Russian view, they show the American view of the same event. The book also mentions what happened after the missiles were removed and how each country felt about it. It mentions how Castro and Khrushchev felt. On page 259 of this book, it describes the way that Kennedy felt needed to happen. Of course the communists did not agree with his ideas. In this part of the book it offers the values of the different views. Another value is that the book is written in way that is similar to the way that we will be writing our historical investigation.


 * Purpose:** The purpose of this book is that it goes into great detail about the Cuban Missile Crisis. It includes newspaper articles and speeches that were produced during these thirteen days. In the book, it interprets images and analyzes speeches.


 * Limitations:** There were not many limitations to the book, except there were a few images that were hard to understand. The wording that the authors used did not describe the images as well as they should have**.**

- Castro is was seen as irritant to President Kennedy - Meeting in Vienna between Khruschev, Kennedy and their staff members in 1961 - April 1962 US put missiles in Turkey, this distressed Khruschchev - Operation Anadyr one of the most remarkable military achievements of the entire Cold War- Soviet movement of strategic missiles and protective air and ground forces almost 8,000 miles from the Soviet Union to Cuba. - Under this operation, the Soviet Union began to move troops and weapons into Cuba - Severomorsk- Soviet boat that carried 24 nuclear missiles - Surveillance was seen through the US U2 plane (pages 139- 144) - Excomm meetings shows the break downs of all of the ways to stop the Castro and Khruschev - Blockade was set up during these meetings - The big lie- switching missiles, Gromyko pretended to not know about the missiles that were in Cuba - Taking action as to how to remove the missiles that are already in Cuba, if the blockade works
 * Notes:**

===<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Rogers, Keely, and Jo Thomas. "The Cuban Missile Crisis: Could It Have Led to Nuclear War?" History: The Cold War. Harlow, Essex: Heinemann International, 2008. Print. ===


 * Origin:** Keely Rogers and Jo Thomas wrote this book. Keely Rogers has written/co-written many different books for the Pearson Baccalaureate program. She has studied in many different countries to help her historical background. Jo Thomas was a journalist for the New York Times for 27 years. She holds a masters degree in Journalism.


 * Purpose:** The purpose of this text is to show how the Cuban Missile Crisis affected the Cold War. It mentions in why the missiles were intolerable to the United States. Not only the missiles but the aftermath of when the missiles were removed from Cuba. It helps gives a greater understanding of how things were carried out.


 * Value:** A main value that this book has to offer is that it includes a timeline of the events that happened. In this timeline, it describes the policies of Cuba with the actions of both the USSR and USA. Another value is that it shows the results of the crisis to the USSR, USA, Cuba and China. This not only shows the greater results of the main countries that were involved but also other countries.


 * Limitations:** A main limitation is that the information is brief and the same information that I found in other sources. I will need to investigate into further sources to find a greater depth about the consequences that were left.

- bay of pigs failures - US missiles in Turkey sparked missiles in Cuba - Soviet Hegemony - quarantine cuba - personal prestige increased - humiliation for Khruschev and leading to his fall from power in 1964 - Pursued a foreign policy just for Moscow as an outcome for Cuba and USSR - China saw that the USSR ceased to be a revolutionary state after the fail - challenges a sphere of influence - Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty of 1968 - world more secure after the missile crisis
 * Notes:**