Cleveland+Chapter+16+Notes



Cleveland Chapter 16 Lebanon’s Capital = Beirut
 “the jewel of the eastern Mediterranean…served as an economic and cultural bridge between the West and Middle East”



Economic prosperity
   Beirut became a very diverse place, similar to Vegas and New York City. It had:  It was a haven for political exiles   
 * Beirut capitalized on nationalization laws in Cairo, Baghdad, and Damascus
 *  It developed Laissez-faire policies including:
 * deregulated currency exchanges
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">banking secrecy laws
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">removed trade restrictions
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Major banking center
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> Freedom of Expression
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Free Press
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Burgeoning University
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Attractions
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Casinos, night life, clubs
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Sectarian Pluralism
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Multireligious, multiethnic urban mosaic

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Constitution of 1926, census of 1932 and National Pact of 1943
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">It was the basis of confessional politics
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">It identified Lebanon as an Arab country
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Communal differences were submissive but not nonexistent

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Political – Za’im system
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Political boss
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Family and religious ties drove the corrupt practice
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Feudal lord who could gather votes for a candidate of his choice or be a member of parliament himself
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Caused Parliament to be used as means of serving local needs rather than national issues


 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Contributed to the sectarian ways of Lebanon

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Phalange
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> Maronite sectarian bloc 1936 est. by Gamayel “Lebanon above all”

<span style="font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Progressive Socialist Party
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> Formed in 1949 by Druze leader Kamal Jumblatt Appealed to many Lebanese of different socioeconomic backgrounds Jumblatt organized leftist coalitions Welcomed Pan-Arabism

<span style="font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Al-Khuri
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> Third president – Maronite Overlooked corruption in government and used <span style="font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">//<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">za’im // <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> system to his advantage Forced to resign in 1952 <span style="font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Chamoun
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> Established the banking regulations that encouraged foreign investments Coincided with Cold War – who should Lebanon ally with? Refused to join Baghdad Pact

<span style="font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Lebanese Civil War 1958
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> United States aided Chamoun in putting down revolt Chamoun abdicated

<span style="font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Shihab
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> Political and economic reforms Increase in central government power Basics of social welfare Commitment to order, social reform, law enforcement Didn't bring an end to sectarian politics