Mubarak

 I. Methods  A. Emergency law rule  1.Since 1967, 18 months in 80s  2.Threat and terrorism  B. Elections  1.After assassination of Sadat, became president  2.Held in 1987, 1993, 1999.  C. Everything was legal; because of Emergency law rule, it gave Mubarak full power to essentially do as he wishes and he wasn’t forced into power.  II. Form of government (Left)  A. National Democratic Party  1.Social Democracy  2.1993 Syndicates Law, 1995 Press Law, and 1999 Nongovernmental Associations Law.  a. Limited freedom of expression and speech  3.Parliament  a. NDP held 420 seats out of 508 in December of 2010  b. Muslim Brotherhood held 88 before, won zero in 2010 <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"> c. Wafd Party owned 2 seats <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"> B. National Accord (2000) and Democratic Front (2007) <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo2; text-indent: -9.0pt;"> 1.Only two parties approved by the Political Party Committee under Mubarak <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.5in;"> III. Nature, extent and treatment of opposition <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"> A. Political Party Committee <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo2; text-indent: -9.0pt;"> 1.Approved everything done to Parliament <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo2; text-indent: -9.0pt;"> 2.Run by Mubarak-supporters of NDP <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"> B. Boston: March 12, 2011 <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo2; text-indent: -9.0pt;"> 1. “The official said that the restrictions that gave Mubarak a virtual veto over establishment of political parties would be lifted after a referendum next week on constitutional changes to allow for fair parliamentary and presidential elections.” <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo2; text-indent: -9.0pt;"> 2. “The official, speaking on condition of anonymity because he was not authorized to speak to reporters, said new political parties will only need to notify authorities of their formation. Under Mubarak, they had to receive approval from a committee dominated by his ruling party, which ensured his control over rivals. The referendum scheduled March 19 asks Egyptians to vote on changes that would loosen restrictions on who could run for president, opening the field to independents and candidates from small opposition parties. Also, it would impose a two-term limit on future presidents.”