Borchert,+Jonathan

Griffin/Hinze

Period 6

A.

To what extent is the ESPN television series The Bronx is burning an actual depiction of what really happened during the New York Yankees 1978 World Series year? Because during this time in New York City there were a lot of controversial events that were going such as the Son of Sam, the death of Thurman Munson, and most importantly the Yankees run to a world title. I will be comparing the eight episode mini-series to actual newspapers and books written on this topic and to ultimately see if the Bronx is Burning could be used as a primary source.

B. The main parts of the ESPN television series the Bronx is Burning is broken up into five important parts: The signing of Reggie Jackson, The relationship between the manager Billy Martin and "The Boss" George Stienbrenner, The tragic death of the Yankee captain Thurman Munson, and most importantly World Champions of 1978 (ESPN). In 1978 a year after the New York Yankees were swept by the Cincinnati Reds, owner George Steinbrenner bought Reggie Jackson to help out the New York Yankees. “The Complete Armchair Book of Baseball”, it goes into to depth of the relationship between the captain Thurman Munson and the new super-star Reggie Jackson. From the book the most important quote “I'm the straw that stirs the drink. Maybe I should say me and Munson, but he can only stir it bad." (p. 76). As told in this book Jackson said it was out of context and he did not mean what he said about Thurman Munson. Also during this time in New York City there were mass killings all across the city. The killing Son of Sam was no other than David Berkowitz; he was employed as a mail man in 1978 when he performed all the mass killings in New York City. David Berkowitz modem started after the death of his mother Pearl Berkowitz in 1967 after fighting a long battle with breast cancer. The young David went into a state of depression and he viewed his mother’s death as the main plot to not only destroy him but the others around him. He failed school shortly after his mother’s death and in 1971 his father remarried, and his father’s new wife did not get along with David so when David turned 18 his father and his new wife left David and moved to Florida, were David stayed in New York City. (Charles Montaldo). As told through the short mini-series The Bronx is Burning it goes through all the killings and all the important events that the Yankees went through during the 1978 season. An important book that summarized the 1978 was the Bronx Zoo, written by Sparky Lyle who won the 1977 Cy Young award in the year prior. The book discussed the crazy fans, management, and most importantly the team in the 1977,78 years. An important quote came out of the this book was when Sparky Lyle wrote, "When Thurman Munson died the Bronx Zoo died" (200) Bronx Zoo.Through the different view points of the year 1978, Both the ESPN series and the many books I read had different view points on the World championship year; through the death of Thurman Munson, the acquiring of the all-star Reggie Jackson to the relationship between Steinbrenner and Martin, to Jackson to Martin.

Section C Boswell, Thomas. The Complete Armchair Book of Baseball. 1987. New York: Galahad Books, 1997. //The Complete Armchair Book of Baseball //has many different writers and viewpoints of baseball since the game was created. The 1977 New York Yankees team led by the intelligent catcher Thurman Munson and the flashy Reggie Jackson. The origin of this book is the author Thomas Boswell. Thomas Boswell has been a columnist for the Washington Post since 1984. He is well known for writing books on baseball, including “How Life Imitates the World Series”, and also controversial “The Complete Armchair Book of Baseball” Also, Thomas Boswell is credited with inventing the total average statistic. (The statistic is designed to measure a hitter's overall offensive contributions.) The purpose for this book was to show the public what happened in the clubhouse of the 1977 New York Yankees. The book showed the strained relationship between Reggie Jackson and Thurman Munson. The value of the book is to talk about the run the New Yankees had in 1977 to the World Series and ultimately a world championship over the Los Angeles Dodgers. The limitation of this source is that it only has one view of the situation in New York. Because Boswell sides more with Jackson more than Munson, so he has a bias over the situation because likes Jackson more than Munson.

ESPN. “The Bronx is Burning”. ESPN. Bristol, Connecticut. July 9, 2007.

The Bronx is Burning aired on ESPN on July 9, 2007. The ESPN television series is about 1977 New York Yankees. It is an eight-episode mini-series adapted from Jonathan Mahler's best-selling book, //Ladies and Gentlemen, The Bronx Is Burning//. The book focuses on baseball's triumph over the turmoil and hysteria of 1977 New York City and how the Yankees overcome the death of their captain Thurman Munson, the arrival of Reggie Jackson, and the fights between manager Billy Martin and the hard headed owner George Steinbrenner. The purpose of the Bronx is Burning it was to show how the Yankees did in the 1977 season, on the way to a World Series victory. The value of the television series is to show the relationship of the team on their way to victory. Limitations the television series is not entirely true some of the stories in the television series where twisted to get more viewers. Also, the T.V series where based on one person’s view on that 1977 year. New York Times. "Sam" suspect, heavily guarded, arraigned and held for testing. August 12,1977. New York. New York Times. Im this newspaper articles written by the New York Times, was when David Berkowitz or "Son of Sam" was convicted of the 8 killings throughout New York City in 1977-1978. At one of the crime scenes one of the investigators found one of David Berkowitz's 44-caliber guns. The investigators looked back on records when berkowitz served time in the army he was listed as a "sharpshooter", with a middle level of marksmanship. When they looked back on records of the 44- caliber gun Berkowitz bought it in Houston from an Army buddy of his on June 12, 1976. Berkowitz stated that he parked a block or a block in a half away from where he preformed the attacks. David Berkowitz stated to the police that he got his messages to kill from his neighbor in the Yonkers he called "Sam" "really is a man that lived 6,000 years ago" Berkowitz said, but relayed the messages through his dog. Berkowitz said that "Sam" told him to kill.

-Bronx Zoo, The Yankee organization and the stadium was referred as the Bronx Zoo, also the nickname referred to the rowdy Yankees of the late 1970's and the horrible conditions in the Bronx. Other things that went into the Bronx Zoo was the signing of Reggie Jackson after the 1976 year. And the Manager Billy Martin was fired five times by the "The Boss", and he was brought back on 3 sepreate times to manage the New York Yankees. It fired the fans up when Stienbrenner and Martin fought and also fueds between star outfielder Reggie Jackson and manager Billy Martin. -Boston Massacre, they met Boston for a pivotal four-game series at Fenway Park in early September, they were only four games behind the Red Sox. The Yankees swept the Red Sox in what became known as the "Boston Massacre", winning the games 15–3, 13–2, 7–0, and 7–4. In the third game of the series "Lousianna Lighting" Ron Guidry throw a shut-out against the Red Sox. Important series that brought the Yankees back into first place which lead the Yankees over the Dodgers in the 1978 World Series in six games. Bucky Dent's home run. This was important in the book the 'Bronx Zoo", Lyle stated that it was the turning point after a long losing steak that led them to win.

The death of Thurman Munson was a huge impact on the 1978 season for the New York Yankees. Written by Sparky Lyle who was on the Yankees during the 1977, 78 World Series years. That the death of Thurman Munson August 2, 1979 meant the end of the Bronx Zoo. Sparky Lyle who wrote the book the Bronx Zoo after the 1979 season told the stories of what happened during both the 77, 78 seasons. From the firings of Billy Martin to the Take over of George Steinbrenner. During the 77,78 season Thurman Munson was the captain of the New York Yankees, he was the first captain since Lou Gehrig, Until that tragic day on August 2, 1979 where Thurman Munson died in a plane crash outside of Akron-Canton Regional Airport. Where Thurman Munson was learning to fly planes with his friend Jerry Anderson and flight instructor Dave Hall. At the time of the crash Munson was trying his third touch-and-go-landing, Munson allowed the aircraft to sink too low before increasing engine power, causing the jet to clip a tree and fall short of the runway. The plane then hit a tree stump and burst into flames. After the crash Hall and Anderson escaped from the burning aircraft while Thurman Munson was trapped inside and was confirmed dead by Summit County Sheriff Anthony Cardarelli. they believed that the reason why Thurman Munson could not escape from the burning airplane was because he was breathing in toxic substances which killed Thurman Munson.

David Berkowitz -"Son of Sam" -Death of his mother, Pearl Berkowitz had a reoccurrence with breast cancer and died in 1967. Berkowitz was devastated and became severely depressed. He viewed his mother’s death as a master plot designed to destroy him. He began to fail in school and spent most all of his time alone. When his father remarried in 1971, his new wife did not get along with the young Berkowitz, and the newly wed couple moved to Florida leaving 18-year-old Berkowitz behind. -"Son of Sam" attacks, On Christmas Eve 1975, Berkowitz’s “demons” drove him out into the streets with a hunting knife to find a victim to kill. Later he confessed to plunging his knife into two women, one which could not be confirmed. The second victim, 15-year-old Michelle Forman, survived the attack and was treated for six knife wounds. Soon after the attacks, Berkowitz moved out of the Bronx to a two-family home in Yonkers. It was in this home that the Son of Sam would be created.

-Berkowitz's Crime Spree:
-Relationship with his father, His father re-marriaged and David and his father's new wife did not get along, and his father's new wife and him moved to Florida and left David in Yonkers, New York all by himself. -David joined army and then after 3 years he left the service. -Postal service worker -He was sentenced to a 365 year and no prarole stint in prison, so life in prison
 * July 29, 1976 – Jody Valenti and Donna Lauria were shot as they sat talking in a parked car outside Donna’s apartment. Lauria died instantly from a gunshot wound to her neck. Valenti survived the attack.
 * October 23, 1976 – Carl Denaro and Rosemary Keenan were shot while sitting in Denaro’s parked car. Both survived, but Carl was struck in the head by one of the bullets.
 * November 26, 1976 – Donna DeMasi and 18-year-old Joanne Lomino were walking near Joanne’s home after a late movie. Berkowitz followed them briefly, then shot them. Donna survived without suffering permanent physical harm, but Joanne was paralyzed for life.
 * January 30, 1977 – 26-year-old Christine Freund and her fiance John Diel were shot as they sat in a parked car. Christine died and John Diel survived the attack.
 * March 8, 1977 – Virginia Voskerichian, a Barnard College honor student was shot and killed while walking home from class.
 * April 17, 1977 – 18-year-old Valentina Suriani and her 20-year-old boyfriend Alexander Esau, were both shot twice. Both died as a result of gunshot wounds. Berkowitz left a letter at the scene, signed “Son of Sam.”
 * June 26, 1977 – Judy Placido and Sal Lupu were shot while leaving a disco. Both survived although Judy was shot three times.
 * July 31, 1977 – Bobby Violante and Stacy Moskowitz were shot in the car while parked at a lover’s lane. Stacy died from a gunshot wound to her head and Bobby lost vision in one eye and partial vision in the other eye.

Rough Draft

Jon Borchert Mr. Griffin Historical Investigation  <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">A. To what extent is the ESPN television series The Bronx is burning an actual depiction of what really happened during the New York Yankees 1977 World Series year? Because during this time in New York City there were a lot of controversial events that were going such as the Son of Sam, the death of Thurman Munson, the relationship between the owner George Steinbrenner, the manager Billy Martin, and the flashy all-star Reggie Jackson, and most importantly the Yankees run to a world title. I will be comparing the eight-episode mini-series to actual newspapers and books written on this topic and to ultimately see if the Bronx is Burning could be used as a primary source. ** (Word Count 116) ** <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">B. During the summer of 1977 The New York Yankees were in a heated pennant race with the Boston Red Sox. The Yankee clubhouse was filled with controversy between “The Boss” George Steinbrenner, the manager Billy Martin and the All-Star outfielder Reggie Jackson. During this time in New York City was haunted by a series of killings by a mysterious aslant. The Bronx is Burning was an attempt to inter weave the Yankees pennant race and the World Series victory with the Son of Sam killings on the streets of New York City. Unlike the actual events the happened, that the television series the Bronx is burning used literary license to enhance the story to make it more interesting to the common viewer. For example in the show The Bronx in Burning, prior to game six of the 1977 World Series against the Los Angeles Dodgers, Joe DiMaggio, one of the greatest Yankees of all-time, could not get a ticket to the game. But, in actual real life Joe DiMaggio did not have any trouble getting a ticket. Also, after game five of the World Series Joe DiMaggio gave a pep talk to the all-star Reggie Jackson. But, in actual events Joe DiMaggio never gave a pep talk to Reggie Jackson. Furthermore, in the television series it depicts the all the killings that were performed by the Son of Sam were around Yankee Stadium and the Bronx. Also during the post season the Son of Sam murders were still going around. But in actual reality during the Bombers’ title run to the Son of Sam murders - any New Yorker knows that most of the attacks took place in Mets territory, in Queens. And most didn’t happen during the 1977 baseball season. By the time of the Yankees post-season run, David Berkowitz (Son of Sam) was already in jail. ** (Word Count 308) ** <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">C. ESPN. “The Bronx is Burning”. ESPN. Bristol, Connecticut. July 9, 2007. <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The Bronx is Burning aired on ESPN on July 9, 2007. The ESPN television series is about 1977 New York Yankees. It is an eight-episode mini-series adapted from Jonathan Mahler's best-selling book, Ladies and Gentlemen, The Bronx Is Burning, also Sparky Lyle’s book “The Bronx Zoo”. These books focuses on baseball's triumph over the turmoil and hysteria of 1977 New York City and how the Yankees overcome the death of their captain Thurman Munson, the arrival of Reggie Jackson, the fights between manager Billy Martin and the hard headed owner George Steinbrenner, and the mysterious killings all over the city of New York an estranged patron David Berkowitz (Son of Sam). The purpose of the Bronx is Burning it was to show how the Yankees did in the 1977 season, on the way to a World Series victory. The value of the television series is to show the relationship of the team on their way to victory. Limitations of the Bronx is Burning is not entirely true; some of the stories in the television series were twisted to get more viewers. Also, the television series was based on one person’s point of view on the 1977 year. <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Jimmy Breslin. Letters of David Berkowitz. The New York Times. 1977  <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">One of the sources I used was The New York Times account of the killings. The first killing was on July 29, 1976 through the final killing on July 31, 1977 through Jimmy Breslin’s letters. The Jimmy Breslin letters were David Berowitz’s (Sam of Son) was a way of taunting the police and terrorizing the public of New York City. As a reader you gained an objected of how the crimes were committed, the investigation, the ultimate capture, arrest, trail, and conviction of David Berkowitz (Son of Sam). This primary source provided a basis in fact to analyses the facts as presented in the television The Bronx is Burning. <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lyle, Sparky. The Bronx Zoo. New York City: Crown Publishers, 1979. Print. <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">In 1977 Sparky Lyle became the first reliever ever to win the AL Cy Young Award with the New York Yankees. Sparky Lyle wrote “The Bronx Zoo” in 1978 which conchronciles the Yankees pennant race in 1977 that culminates with their World Series victory over the Los Angeles Dodgers. Spark Lyle gives his impression of the clubhouse inter action of his teammates, the manager Billy Martin, and the owner George Steinbrenner. While he describes this inter action his impressions are based on his view of what happened. Sparky Lyle’s view is his personal view of what happened not anyone else in the clubhouse or George Steinbrenner or Billy Martin. Consequently, his opinion does not reflect the opinions of the other players or the front office of The New York Yankees. ** (Word Count 470) ** <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">D. The Bronx is Burning is not an accurate depiction of the time period. The television series “The Bronx is Burning” had many flaws it was not historically accurate, some of the events that happened were true, but other events in the television series were changed for dramatic effect to get more viewers attracted to the series. The series “The Bronx is Burning”, tried to weave two polar opposite events, the New York Yankees and the killings around New York City by David Berkowitz (Son of Sam) together into one homogenous event. However, the two events here unrelated, the Yankees pennant race had nothing to do with these killings around New York City. George Steinbrenner’s quest to turn the Yankees around from a mediocre baseball team into the Yankees of past years started which rebuilding the franchise into a World Series contender in 1976 (Jonathan Mahler). In the 1976 World Series he was humiliated when the Yankees were sweep by the Big Red Machine in four games. Consequently, George Steinbrenner united his fiery manager Billy Martin with free agent superstar Reggie Jackson in 1977. George’s desire was to reach the World Series again but to win it. While “The Bronx is Burning” depicts the relationship between the three as being a volatile three ring circus, but Sparky Lyle a member of the 1977 Yankees in his book “The Bronx Zoo”, it said this relationship helped turn the New York Yankees into a winner. While “The Bronx is Burning” constantly depicts the negative aspects of the relationship it fails and in some cases downplays the positive influence this had on the team’s chemistry. While it is true that there were personal conflicts among the players notable Reggie Jackson and Thurman Munson, The New York Yankees captain and star catcher and the manager Billy Martin, and the owner George Steinbrenner this did not detract from the Yankees ability to play great baseball in a tight pennant race with the Boston Red Sox. Furthermore, the crime spree involving Son of Sam was never a factor in the Yankee clubhouse (Thomas Boswell). <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> The other major topic explored in “The Bronx is Burning” was the murder spree of David Berkowitz (Son of Sam). Unlike the television series it implies that all the killings were committed in the Bronx, only two of the killings were committed there in the Bronx (The Bronx is Burning). But the majority of the killings were committed in the boroughs of the Queens and in Brooklyn of New York City (Jimmy Breslin). In New York City in 1977 murder was not a news worthy topic, since murders were committed on a weekly or sometimes a daily basis. David Berkowitz’s (Son of Sam) killing spree went unnoticed by New Yorker’s until May 30, 1977 when Jimmy Breslin published the letter that Berkowitz wrote to him in The New York Daily News. Prior to this Berkowitz’s murders were unnoticed. Even before the public was even aware that these killings were going on Berkowitz already committed four out of the six attacks, during the four attacks he killed five people (’Son of Sam’ Adds Four Names In New Letter, Police Disclose). The whole premise of the series was to tie two totally different events into one and to into the Bronx is Burning. What the television series tries to do is get the average person to be acutely aware of the Son of Sam killings when there is no empirical evidence that was the case. Evidence that the public was not prejudiced against Berkowitz was indicated by an editorial that appeared in the New York Times on December 13, 1977 (Where to Try “Son of Sam). The editorial argued that there was no need to move the criminal trial out of Bronx since he could receive a fair trial. If “The Bronx is Burning” premises were valid the Berkowitz criminal trial could have never taken place in New York City let alone the Bronx. <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> While “The Bronx is Burning” was an entertaining television series art did not imitate real life. The reality was that on August 10, 1977 the reality was that the pennant race has not even started yet the Yankees were in third place in the American League East five games behind the Boston Red Sox and the Baltimore Orioles (Sparky Lyle). Therefore, the hysteria surrounding the pennant race did not start until David Berkowitz was safely locked away. The series tells a fascinating story of life in the Bronx of people fearful for their safety but yet caught up in a thrilling pennant race; unfortunately the only thing missing in this story is the truth. ** (Word Count 773) ** <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">E. I asked the question whether “The Bronx is Burning” a television adaptation of the book “Ladies and Gentlemen, The Bronx is Burning” could be used as a primary source to describe the events which took place in New York City in the summer of 1977. The answer is a resounding no. Not only are the events not factually accurate, but the series tries to connect two events which only by the enormous stretch of the imagination are connected. While David Berkowitz committed murders dating back to 1976 and continuing through the spring and summer of 1977 these events were only known by police and the loved ones families; the public was unaware of any similarity or connections between these murders. It was not until May 30, 1977 that Jimmy Breslin published the letter written by Berkowitz that the public became aware of the “Son of Sam”. My research of The New York Times throughout this period does not reveal a public awareness beyond a New Yorkers fascination with criminal activity was occurred on the streets of New York on a daily basis. <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> While the series attempts to make a strong connection between the murders and the Yankees pennant race in the American League the reality is that on the day the “Son of Sam” was arrested the Yankees frenzied pursuit of the pennant had not begun. On the day of the arrest the Yankees rested in third place behind the Baltimore Orioles and the league leading Boston Red Sox. Therefore, the height of the drama intrigue and conflict in the Yankee clubhouse which culminated in the World Series occurred while Berkowitz was in jail and off the streets of New York. However, the television series was enjoyable to watch and was based on real people the story was fiction. A documentary would have been factually accurate and just as entertaining. Sometimes truth is more enjoyable then fiction. ** (Word Count 317) ** ** (Overall Word Count 1,898)  ** <span style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in -0.5in 0pt 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in -0.5in 0pt 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">F. Boswell, Thomas. //The Complete Armchair Book of Baseball//. New York City: Galahad Books, 1997. Print. <span style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in -0.5in 0pt 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Breslin, Jimmy. “Lettter of ‘Son of Sam.’” //New York Times// 30 May 1977: n. pag. Web. 10 Nov. 2010. <http://hngraphical.proquest.com.ref.ualibrary.org/ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">‌ <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">hnweb/ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">‌ <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">hnpl/ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">‌ <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">do/ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">‌ <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">document?set=searchalleras&start=1&rendition=x-article-image&inmylist=false&urn=urn%3Aproquest%3AUS%3BPQDOC%3BHNP%3BPQD%3BHNP%3BPROD%3Bx-article-image%3B588178752&mylisturn=urn%3Aproquest%3AUS%3BPQDOC%3BHNP%3BPQD%3BHNP%3BPROD%3Bx-citation%3B588178752>. <span style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in -0.5in 0pt 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.5in;">//<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The Bronx is Burning //<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">. ESPN. 9 July 2007. Television. <span style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in -0.5in 0pt 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lyle, Sparky. //The Bronx Zoo//. New York City: Crown Publishers, 1979. Print. <span style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in -0.5in 0pt 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mahler, Jonathan. //Ladies and Gentlemen, The Bronx is Burning//. New York City: Picador, 1977. Print. <span style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in -0.5in 0pt 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">“’Son of Sam’ Adds Four Names In New Letter, Police Disclose.” //New York Times// 6 June 1977: n. pag. //ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times//. Web. 10 Nov. 2010. <http://hngraphical.proquest.com.ref.ualibrary.org/ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">‌ <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">hnweb/ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">‌ <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">hnpl/ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">‌ <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">do/ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">‌ <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">document?set=searchalleras&start=1&rendition=x-article-image&inmylist=false&urn=urn%3Aproquest%3AUS%3BPQDOC%3BHNP%3BPQD%3BHNP%3BPROD%3Bx-article-image%3B75083229&mylisturn=urn%3Aproquest%3AUS%3BPQDOC%3BHNP%3BPQD%3BHNP%3BPROD%3Bx-citation%3B75083229>. <span style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in -0.5in 0pt 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">“Where to Try ‘Son of Sam.’” //New York Times// 13 Dec. 1977, Editorial ed.: n. pag. //New York Times Historical Newspapers (ProQuest)//. Web. 10 Nov. 2010. <http://hngraphical.proquest.com.ref.ualibrary.org/ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">‌ <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">hnweb/ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">‌ <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">hnpl/ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">‌ <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">do/ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">‌ <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">document?set=searchalleras&start=1&rendition=x-article-image&inmylist=false&urn=urn%3Aproquest%3AUS%3BPQDOC%3BHNP%3BPQD%3BHNP%3BPROD%3Bx-article-image%3B78839658&mylisturn=urn%3Aproquest%3AUS%3BPQDOC%3BHNP%3BPQD%3BHNP%3BPROD%3Bx-citation%3B78839658>. <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">