Madison+Means


 * Word Count: 1,950 ** **Plan of Investigation** The question of this investigation is **to what extent did the attacks of 9/11 affect the national security policy in the United States?** By examining a variety of sources such as; //The 9/11 Terrorist Attack and Overseas Travel to the United States: Initial Impacts and Longer Run Recovery//, and //911 Transformation: Airport Security Transformed by 9/11//.This collective fusion of these sources will act to answer the essential question of this investigation.**Summary of Evidence****Flaws in our National Security Pre- 9/11**
 * “Security was already tightening before 9/11 in response to everything from hijackers in the 1970s to the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, in December 1988.”[i]
 * “Before 9/11, only 5 percent of checked baggage was inspected.”
 * “Before 9/11, a flight was a special occasion. People would dress up to get on an airplane.”
 * “Pre- 9/11 days, the airport restaurant was located in the non-secure area of the airport.”
 * “Before 9/11, airlines had been going to 50-seat regional jets that flew more often.”
 * “On 9/11, the defense of the U.S. air space depended on close interaction between two federal agencies: the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)[ii] and North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD)[iii] . Existing protocols on 9/11 were unsuited in every aspect for an attack in which hijacked planes were used as weapons.”(9/11 Commission Report)
 * Operational Failures
 * “not discovering false statements on visa applications
 * Not recognizing passports manipulated in a fraudulent manner;
 * Not expanding no-fly lists to include names from terrorist watch list;
 * Not searching airline passengers identified by the computer-biased CAPPS screening system; and
 * Not hardening aircraft cockpit doors or taking other measures to prepare for the possibility of suicide hijackings.”
 * “The most serious weakness in agency capabilities was in the domestic arena. The FBI did not have the capability to link the collective knowledge of agents in the field to national priorities. Other domestic agencies deferred to the FBI.”
 * “FAA capabilities were weak. Any serious examination of the possibility of a suicide hijacking could have suggested changes to fix glaring vulnerabilities-expanding no-fly lists, searching passengers identified by the CAPPS[iv] screening system, deploying federal air marshals domestically, hardening cockpit doors, alerting air crews to a different kind of hijacking possibility than they had been trained to expect. Yet the FAA did not adjust either its own training or training with NORAD to take account of threats other than those experienced in the past.”

“When airline industry faced reduced numbers of passengers and huge financial losses in the aftermath of the attacks, passenger capacity was also reduced.”**Evaluation of Sources** Cornwell, Derekh, and Bryan Roberts. "The 9/11 Terrorist Attack and Overseas Travel to the United States: Initial Impacts and Longer-Run Recovery." Rev. of //Homeland Security//. //Office of Immigration Statistics Policy Directorate//. N.p., Mar. 2010. Web. 3 June 2012. . The journal//, The 9/11 Terrorist Attack and Overseas Travel to the United States: Initial Impacts and Longer-Run Recovery//, is written by members of the Department of Homeland Security The origin of this journal is from March 2010, with the purpose being to explain the nations’ national security before 9/11 and post- 9/11. The value is that it analyzes each aspect of our nation that has drastically changed from this event. However, this article does not contain any graphs, or pictures to further explain the effect.
 * National Security Policy Changes from 9/11 **
 * “The system acts as if security officials believe that every passenger and every bag is equally likely to be a threat.” [v]
 * “INSPASS[vi] is a kind of trusted traveler program for U.S. citizens returning from overseas. Upon returning to the United States from overseas, and INSPASS member bypasses normal immigration lines and makes use of a special self-service kiosk. At the kiosk, the passenger responds to questions on the screen and places his/her palm on the scanner, obtaining clearance to enter in less than a minute, without having to wait in a long line.”
 * APIS[vii] - calls for airlines that bring passengers from overseas to the United States to provide Customs, in advance, with the name, sex, passport number, and visa number or resident alien card number of each passenger and crew member prior to its departure for this country. Before the flight lands, the list is checked against records of about two dozen federal agencies, to enable high-risk passengers to be given extra scrutiny when they are processed upon landing.”
 * “The Aviation & Transportation Security Act of 2001 made APIS mandatory for all airlines, the penalty being denial of U.S. landing rights.”
 * “NEXUS- its purpose is to speed the flow of pre-screened, low-risk travelers so we can focus our resources on higher-risk travelers.”
 * “SENTRI[viii] - aimed at frequent cross-border commuters, it reserves fast lanes for people who have enrolled by paying a fee and undergoing a criminal background check.”
 * “Today, domestic security has become, by some measures, the fastest-growing area of study, fueled by an increase in federal money. A large collection of domestic security programs has popped up in community colleges and graduate schools. Students across the country are enrolled in course that didn’t exist a few years ago. Many of these classes examine the psychology of terrorists and rogue regimes.”[ix]
 * “The Post-9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 2008 became a law on June 30,2008. The act amended United States Code to expand the educational benefits for military veterans who have served since September 11, 2001.”
 * “The FISA[x] Amendments Act of 2008 is an Act of Congress that amended that Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act. That update makes it illegal to intentionally engage in electronic surveillance under the appearance of an official government act. The act prohibits any person from illegally intercepting, disclosing, using or divulging phone calls or electronic communications.”
 * “The USA Patriot Act is an Act of the U.S. Congress that was signed into law by President George W. Bush on October 26, 2001. The act greatly reduced restrictions that were placed on law enforcement agencies and gave them the ability to search telephone, e-mail communications, medical, financial, and other records.”  “The Patriot Act, giving the government powers to search records and conduct roving wiretaps in pursuits of terrorists.”
 * “We have created the Department of Homeland Security we have torn down the wall that kept law enforcement and intelligence from sharing information… we have tightened security at our airports, seaports, and borders… and we have created new programs to monitor enemy bank records and phone calls.”[xi]
 * “Address problems of screening people with biometric identifiers across agencies and governments, including our border and transportation systems, by designing a comprehensive screening system that addresses common problems and sets common standards. As standards spread, this necessary and ambitious effort could dramatically strengthen the world’s ability to intercept individuals who could pose catastrophic threats.”[xii]
 * “Since 9/11, about 90 percent of the nation’s $5 billion annual investment in transportation has gone to aviation, to fight the last war.”
 * “The attacks induced substitution away from air travel generally and caused a shift in the preference of travelers for particular destinations.”
 * “An immediate and precipitous drop in arrivals of international visitors, particularly those flying in from overseas.”
 * “The initial drop in arrivals immediately following 9/11 in part reflected widespread concern about the safety of international air travel.”
 * “Between 2001 and 2002, the global economy experienced a recession that reduced demand for air travel generally.”
 * “U.S. visa policy became more restrictive in the wake of 9/11”
 * “After the 9/11 attacks, for example, certain administrative procedures related to visa assurance and entry at the U.S. border were implemented as part of an enhanced travel security protocol.”
 * “VWP[xiii] and non- VWP countries were exposed to the same screening procedures upon entry to the United States, some travelers from non-VWP countries were subject to an additional layer of processing.”
 * “TSA created just two months after 9/11, airport security changed radically with the Aviation and Transport Security Act, which created the TSA. It took over screening responsibilities from the airlines.”
 * “The Aviation and Transportation Act required inspection of every piece [of luggage] by Dec. 31, 2002.”
 * “Now in addition to stepped-up screening of carry-on bags, every shoe has to be removed and run through the scanner.”
 * “In 2006, after security officials in the United Kingdom reported a terrorist plot involving liquids on transatlantic flights to the U.S., liquids in carry-on luggage were restricted.”
 * “Each liquid and gel in carry-on is limited to 3.4 ounces and all must be contained in a quart-sized plastic baggie.”
 * “In 2009, Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab attempted to board a Detroit-bound flight in Amsterdam with a bomb in his underwear. Now body scanners are being installed at most airports.”

// A Risk- Based Airport Security Policy //. By Robert W. Poole,Jr. Policy Study No. 308, July 2002. This article, //A Risk-Based Airport Security Policy//, is written by Robert Poole, the director of transportation policy and Searle Freedom Trust Transportation Fellow at Reason Foundation. This article provides an analysis of all of the security groups that have been started since 9/11. The article helps provide insight into what the United States government is doing to improve our nations’ security. However, a limitation of this article is that once it mentions different security groups, the author does not provide further information, they infer that the reader must know what they are referring too. **Analysis**Since the day of September 11th, 2001 the United States of America has been forever changed. Before the event of 9/11 our nations’ security was far less harsh, and not protective enough for the people of the United States. According to Lorna Thackeray, “Before 9/11, only 5 percent of checked baggage was inspected.” When in contrast, since 9/11 “The Aviation and Transportation Act [has] required inspection of every piece [of luggage after] Dec. 31, 2002.” It is also proven that our nation was in equipped to handle a terrorist attack, according to the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks, our nation had these faults before 9/11 “[failure to], not discover false statements on visa applications, not recognize passports manipulated in a fraudulent manner; not expand [the] no-fly lists to include names from terrorist watch list; not search [the] airline passengers [to be] identified by the computer-biased CAPPS screening system; and not hardening aircraft cockpit doors or taking other measures to prepare for the possibility of suicide hijackings.” These have been weaknesses that our country failed to improve in our security policy, however “the most serious weakness in agency capabilities was in the domestic arena. The FBI did not have the capability to link the collective knowledge of agents in the field to national priorities. Other domestic agencies deferred to the FBI.” Even though the United States was unprepared for the attacks of 9/11, since then our nation has improved the National Security Policies greatly, by the creation of TSA, INSPASS, APIS, NEXUS, SENTRI, E PAL, and the Patriot Act. According to the commission on terrorism, “Since 9/11, about 90 percent of the nation’s $5 billion annual investment in transportation has gone to aviation, to fight the last war.” Also, we have improved general security when a passenger is boarding a flight such as; “Each liquid and gel in carry-on is limited to 3.4 ounces and all must be contained in a quart-sized plastic baggie, [and]now in addition to stepped-up screening of carry-on bags, every shoe has to be removed and run through the scanner.” From these improvements our security policies have been changed. Airport Security Transformed by 9/11." //The Billings Gazette//. 11 Sept. 2011. Web. 03 June 2012. . // A Risk- Based Airport Security Policy // . By Robert W. Poole,Jr. Policy Study No. 308, July 2002. Bush, George. Wvital Speeches of the Day. //President Bush Sworn-In to Second Term//. 01. Feb.2005. //eLibrary.// Web. 15. Feb. 2012.  Cornwell, Derekh, and Bryan Roberts. "The 9/11 Terrorist Attack and Overseas Travel to the United States: Initial Impacts and Longer-Run Recovery." Rev. of //Homeland Security//. //Office of Immigration Statistics Policy Directorate//. N.p., Mar. 2010. Web. 3 June 2012. .
 * Conclusion ** From the alterations made to the United States Security Policy, the U.S. is now a safer nation, and more prepared for any spontaneous attack. The groups made in the realm of Homeland Security, such as; TSA, and the Patriot Act are helping the U.S. every day be a more safe country. **List of Sources**

“//National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States.// Web. 22 Apr. 2012.

Rice, Susan E. //U.S. National Security Policy Post- 9/11: Perils and Prospects//. //Brookings//. Web. 22 Apr. 2012. <http://www.brookings.edu/views/ articles/rice/20040122.pdf>.

<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.66px;">[i] "Airport Security Transformed by 9/11." //The Billings Gazette//. 11 Sept. 2011. Web. 03 June 2012. <http://billingsgazette.com/news/local/article_7d19ed26-893d-5fdb-ac53-4f554daa9a6e.html>.

<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.66px;">[ii] is the [|national aviation authority] of the United States

<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.66px;">[iii] is a joint organization of Canada and the United States that provides aerospace warning, air sovereignty, and defense for the two countries.[|[] <span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.66px;">[iv] ** Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening System ** (often abbreviated **CAPPS**) is a [|counter-terrorism] system in place in the [|United States] [|air travel industry]. The [|United States] [|Transportation Security Administration] (TSA) maintains a watch list, pursuant to 49 USC § 114 (h)(2),[|[1]] of "individuals known to pose, or suspected of posing, a risk of air piracy or terrorism or a threat to airline or passenger safety." The list is used to pre-emptively identify [|terrorists] attempting to buy plane tickets or board planes traveling in the United States, and to mitigate perceived threats. <span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.66px;">[v] // A Risk- Based Airport Security Policy //. By Robert W. Poole,Jr. Policy Study No. 308, July 2002.

<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.66px;">[vi] // INS Passenger Accelerated Service System //, was a program of the [|United States] [|Immigration and Naturalization Service] (INS) during the 1990s and early 2000s the purpose of which was to facilitate the entry of pre-screened low-risk travelers through immigration and customs at certain airports. <span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.66px;">[vii] <span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.66px;">The **Advanced Passenger Information System**[|[1]] (APIS), also **Advance Passenger Information System**, is a system established for commercial airline and vessel operators by the United States Customs and Border Protection Agency (CBP).[|[2]] <span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.66px;">APIS as an [|electronic data interchange] system, involving a limited number of data elements (identification details from the passport and basic flight information) between the computer system of the airline and the computer system of the destination state__ [3] __Required information should conform to specifications for UN/[|EDIFACT] [|Passenger List Message] (PAXLST) format__ ] __

<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.66px;">[viii] The **Secure Electronic Network for Travelers Rapid Inspection** (SENTRI) provides expedited U.S. [|Customs and Border Protection] (CBP) processing, at the [|U.S.-Mexico border], of pre-approved travelers, considered low-risk.

<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.66px;">[ix] Rice, Susan E. //U.S. National Security Policy Post- 9/11: Perils and Prospects//. //Brookings//. Web. 22 Apr. 2012. <http://www.brookings.edu/views/ articles/rice/20040122.pdf>. <span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.66px;">[x] The **FISA Amendments Act of 2008** (also called the **Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Amendments Act of 2008**, [|H.R. 6304], enacted 2008-07-10) is an [|Act of Congress] that [|amended] the [|Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act]

<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.66px;">[xi] Bush, George. Wvital Speeches of the Day. //President Bush Sworn-In to Second Term//. 01. Feb.2005. //eLibrary.// Web. 15. Feb. 2012. <span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.66px;">[xii] “//National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States.// Web. 22 Apr. 2012. <span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.66px;">[xiii] Visa Waiver Program Madison Means Period 5

To what extent did the event of 9/11 affect Americans’ notion of personal security between 2001-2002?

On September 11th, 2001, the United States was hit with terrorist attacks from the Islamist militant group, al-Qaeda. This group took their issues with the United States, upon themselves hijacking two planes, and launching them into the twin towers in New York City. The twin towers, were more than just buildings in New York, they were memorable sky-scrappers that held the title of the World Trade Center. The attacks of 9/11 were more than just attacks on the World Trade Center; they were attacks on our country. From this event the public’s view on the Islamic people changed, and their comfort within their homeland was changed. The purpose of this investigation is to determine to what extent was the nations security was distorted after the events of September 11th, 2001.

Source #1
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**MLA Citation**: Friedman, Matthew J. Hamblen, Jessica L. Foa, Edna B., Charney, Dennis S.. “Commentary on “A National Longitudinal Study of the Psychological Consequences of the September 11, 2001 Terrorist...” Psychiatry. 01 Jul. 2004:123. eLibrary. Web 18 Jan. 2012. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Origin**: This article is complied by psychologist; Friedman, Hamblen, Foa, Charney, and Dennis, to explain the psychological effect that the attacks of September 11th had on its victims, and others who were effected. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Value**: The value of this article is that the authors studied victims of the attacks, so it is written based off the perspective of first hand accounts. The variety of subjects they studied varied greatly; from children, adults, to elderly. This makes it easy to relate and make generalizations, about how this event effected the population in the terms of fear. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Purpose:** The purpose of this article is to inform the public about the major psychological side effects that occurred after September 11th. The article also explains the gruesome details of the attacks. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Limitations**: The article basically evaluates how treatment has changed for the victims throughout the years, however it does not explain how the government has made changes, and altered the policies of national security. This is a large limitation, because the main focus of my question and paper deals with how the government made alterations to the policies of national security.

Source #2

 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">MLA Citation: **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Voice of America News/FIND. President’s Address to the Nation.Voice of America News/ FIND, 12 Sep. 2006. eLibrary. Web. 15 Feb.2012.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Origin: **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> This article is a public address to the nation from President Bush. He proclaimed this message five years after the event of 9/11.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Value: **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">This article helps provide examples of how the President reacted to the attacks, the changes he made, and the future plans he had for the United States.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Purpose: **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Identifies the ideals of what the President hopes for the future, how the attacks of September 11th changed and affected the country.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Limitations: **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">This article is just written from one perspective, of the President. Does not address any other perspectives. Also, does not contain any pictures.

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 * MLA citation: ** "National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States." National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. Web. 26 Feb. 2012. <http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report_Exec.htm>. =====

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**Origin:** This archive was written from the National Commision on Terrorist Attacks, including members; Thomas Kean, Lee Hamilton, Richard Ben-Veniste, Fred Fielding, Jamie Gorelick, Slade Gorton, Bob Kerrey, John Lehman, Timothy Roemer, and James Thompson. =====

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**Purpose**: The purpose of this article was for the National Commision on Terrorist Attacks members, to inform <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline;">the President of the United States, the United States Congress, and the American people for their consideration, with a unity of purpose to inform our nation about September 11, 2001, and how the day lead to unprecedented shock and suffering in the history of the United States, with our nation being unprepared. =====

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**Value:** The article provides graphs, statistics, and pictures of explaining how our nation was unprepared and the measures they plan to take to improve our nations security. This points out where our country had weaknesses in our security, and how they hope to improve it. =====

Source #4

 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">MLA Citation: **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Bush, W, George.. "President Bush Sworn-In to Second Term." Vital Speeches of the Day. 01 Feb. 2005: 226. eLibrary. Web. 29 Feb. 2012.


 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Origin: **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">This article is an address to the nation from President George Bush, when he was sworn in to Second Term as President. He gave this speech on February 1st, 2005.


 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Purpose: **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The purpose of this article is how President Bush was planning on making a difference in his second term, with his number one priority being our nations security.


 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Value: **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The value of this article is that it was written by the President at the time, and he had been the President during the attacks so he was well aware of the effects it had caused our nation. President Bush, being the leader of our nation at the time, had the responsibility and power of making changes, and protecting our country.


 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Limitations: **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">This article does not show any primary accounts from the attacks of 9/11, and it does not explain how the national security plan was before 9/11. Another limitation, is that this article is not solely based from the attacks of 9/11 it takes into consideration many different events and issues that effect our nations security.