Cleveland+Chapter+18+Notes

Cleveland Chapter 18 pg. 372 – 376


First Phase of the Lebanese Civil War 1975 - 1976
 
 * 1) The Palestine/Israel conflict lasted 15 years total
 * 2) **Black September: ** Palestinian commando organizations moved into southern Lebanon which resulted in more than 300,000 refugees.
 * 3) After, South Lebanon became a Haven for guerilla groups and these groups launched attacks on Israel
 * 4) To retaliate, Israel would bomb the border of Lebanon.
 * 5) This caused most of the //Shi’ia // Muslims in Southern Lebanon to move into Beirut

There was a dilemma over whether Lebanon should support the PLO’s terror attacks or help the Lebanese themselves? Alienated Muslims welcomed Palestinians and by the early 1970s, Beirut was surrounded by a poverty belt of about 500,000 people

Sulayman Frangieh
 
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">President who abandoned reformist programs and reverted to nepotism
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">He distributed power among religions
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Shi’ia Muslims were recognized as the largest single religious group and they asserted sectarian majority and demanded share of political and economic funds
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Christians were not inclined to allow the Muslims representation and because of this, Muslims sided with Palestinians

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Kamal Jumblatt – 1969
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">This man created loose coalition of Muslims which was called the Lebanese National Movement or the LMN
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">He was committed to administrative reform and recognized the new demographic change that had taken place since the 1932 census
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">He created a confessional Democracy which is Government based on religion
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">He supported political equality and freedom for PLO et al
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Maronite leaders were very opposed to him.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Arms procurement
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">To stop the Palestinian guerrillas, Christian militias began a whole-scale initiative to secure armaments
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">In response, the PLO did the same
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">By 1975 all factions were significantly armed
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Maronites eventually accepted a cease-fire from June – end of year

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Phalange
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> The Lebanese army soon dispersed into religious affiliations
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">This group began fighting the LMN in wealthy parts of Beirut
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">They formed the Lebanese Front and laid siege to Pales, a refugee camp

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">
 * 1) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> April-Jnue 1976: Phalange attacks bus of Palestinians, and kicks off PLO and Maronite combat
 * 2) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">May 1976: President al-Asad of Syria sent army into Lebanon to rescue Christian militias
 * 3) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Against PLO and LNM
 * 4) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Oct 1976: PLO accepted a cease-fire
 * 5) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Syrian army remained in Lebanon as “deterrent force”